Hajj (Pilgrimage) is the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, enshrined as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Pilgrims gather to perform rituals tracing back to Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his family. According to Islamic tradition, Prophet Ibrahim (Ibrahim) and his son Isma’il (Ishmael) built the Kaaba as the first monotheistic house of worship, and the Angel Gabriel later taught Ibrahim the rites of pilgrimage. Today millions still surround the Kaaba – as one description notes, worshippers “flood the Grand Mosque, its roof, and all the areas around it” during prayer. This guide covers Hajj’s origins, each ritual’s significance, and up-to-date 2025 logistics, with practical advice (packing, health, apps) and all major duʾās (supplications) in Arabic, English, and transliteration.

Historical Background and Origin of Hajj

Hajj traces back to Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), his wife Hajar (Hagar), and their son Isma’il (Ishmael). Islamic tradition holds that Allah commanded Ibrahim to leave Hajar and infant Isma’il in the barren valley of Mecca. According to the story, Hajar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwa seeking water, and God miraculously caused the Zamzam well to gush forth at Isma’il’s feet. The Zamzam well remains a central miracle of Hajj and a source of blessed water for pilgrims. Later, Ibrahim and Isma’il rebuilt the Kaaba on the site – as a simple cube-shaped house of God – and established pilgrimage rites there. The name Kaaba means “The Cube,” and Muslim belief is that it was the first house built for the worship of one God. Pilgrims today honor these origins by performing ritual acts (such as running between Safa and Marwa) that commemorate Hajar’s faith and Ibrahim’s obedience.

Preparing Spiritually and Logistically

Performing Hajj requires both physical preparation and a devout mindset. Before leaving home, pilgrims should set a sincere intention (niyyah) that they are going to perform Hajj solely for Allah’s sake. Many recite a travel supplication, e.g. “Bismillahi, tawakkaltu ‘alallah…” (“In the name of Allah, I place my trust in Allah…”), and resolve to observe all rites properly. It is also recommended to learn the key duʾās and verses (see Duʾas section below) and to purify one’s character (showing extra kindness, patience and forgiveness in the weeks before departing). Most countries’ Hajj missions provide orientations; in 2025 all pilgrims must register through Saudi Arabia’s official Nusuk Hajj platform, which handles packages, visas and digital permits (even entry permits to the Prophet’s Mosque).

Step-by-Step Hajj Rituals

Entering Ihram (State of Consecration)

Pilgrims enter Ihram at designated Miqats (travel points). Men wear two simple white unstitched sheets (one around the waist, one draped over the shoulder) and forgo all forms of cutting, shaving, or wearing sewn clothes. Women wear modest dress, usually white, ensuring head-covering but leaving the face uncovered. On reaching the Miqat boundary, one makes the niyyah (intention) to do Hajj and dons the Ihram clothing. A recommended supplication is:

• Arabic: اللّهُمَّ إِنِّي أُرِيدُ الْحَجَّ فَيَسِّرْهُ لِي وَتَقَبَّلْهُ مِنِّي
• Transliteration: Allahumma inni urīdu al-ḥajja fa-yassirhu lī wa-taqabbalhu minnī
• English: “O Allah, I intend to perform Ḥajj; make it easy for me and accept it from me.”.

Once in Ihram, pilgrims must recite the Talbiyah repeatedly, proclaiming their availability to God’s call. A classic Talbiyah is:

• Arabic: لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ، لَبَّيْكَ لاَ شَرِيكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ. إِنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ، لاَ شَرِيكَ لَكَ
• Transliteration: Labbayka allāhumma labbayk, labbayka lā sharīka laka labbayk. Inna al-ḥamda wa-n-ni‘mata laka wa-al-mulka, lā sharīka lak.
• English: “Here I am, O Allah, here I am. You have no partner, here I am. Indeed all praise, blessings and sovereignty are Yours; You have no partner.”

The Talbiyah expresses total submission. Ihram etiquette forbids sexual relations, cutting hair/nails, using fragrance, fighting or hunting, and other normal niceties; this teaches pilgrims humility and discipline.

Tawaf – Circumambulation of the Kaaba

Pilgrims next enter Masjid al-Haram (the Grand Mosque) to perform Tawaf, seven counterclockwise circuits around the Kaaba. They begin near the Black Stone corner, often kissing or gesturing toward it, saying “Bismillah, Allahu Akbar” (“In the name of Allah, Allah is the Greatest”). On each circuit, it is recommended to glorify God through dhikr (remembrance). For example, one may repeat “Subḥānallāhi wa-l-ḥamdu lillāhi wa lā ilāha illallāh, wa-Allāhu akbar, wa lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā bi-llāh” (“Glory be to Allah, all praise is for Allah, there is no god but Allah, Allah is the Greatest, and there is no power except by Allah”). Another common supplication during Tawaf is “Allāhumma innī as’aluka al-‘afwa wal-‘āfiyata fī al-dunyā wa al-ākhirah” (“O Allah, I ask You for forgiveness and well-being in this life and the hereafter”).

After completing seven rounds, pilgrims perform two units (rakʿahs) of prayer near Maqām Ibrāhīm (the Station of Abraham). Commonly they recite “Rabbana ātinā fid-dunyā ḥasanatan wa fil-ākhirati ḥasanatan wa-qinā ‘adhāban-nār” (“Our Lord, grant us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire.”). These actions fulfill the essential rituals of Umrah (the lesser pilgrimage) and also the initial Tawaf of Hajj.

Saʾī – Walking Between Safa and Marwah

After Tawaf, pilgrims perform Saʾī, walking seven circuits between the hills of Safa and Marwah inside the mosque’s covered galleries. This commemorates Hajar’s desperate search for water for her son. In memory of her faith, pilgrims sometimes run the distance between the green pillars (when crowd conditions allow). During Saʾī, one makes personal duʾāʾ and remembrance. A recommended prayer (ḥadīth) is “Rabbighfir lī, warḥamnī, wa tub ‘alayya, innaka anta at-Tawwāb ar-Raḥīm” (رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي وَارْحَمْنِي وَتُبْ عَلَيَّ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ) – “My Lord, forgive me, have mercy on me, and accept my repentance; You are the Most Relenting, Most Merciful.” Women or those who menstruate may enter Ihram and perform Saʾī, but if menstruating, they delay Tawaf until purity (Hajj remains valid).

Stay at Mina and the Stoning (Ramy al-Jamarāt)

On the 8th day of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah, pilgrims travel to Mina and spend the day and night there in prayer and reflection. After the noon prayer (8 Dhū’l-Ḥijjah), each pilgrim throws one pebble at the largest Jamarah (pillar) in Mina (called Jamarah al-ʿAqaba). This act begins the stoning ritual and takes place again on the following two days. The stoning symbolizes rejecting Satan: Islamic tradition notes that Prophet Ibrahim was tempted three times by Satan when carrying out Allah’s command, and he repelled each temptation by throwing stones. Thus today pilgrims recite “Allāhu Akbar” (“God is Greatest”) while casting the stones (traditionally seven pebbles) at each of the three jamarāt (small, medium, and large walls), signifying rebuke of evil. The largest jamrah is stoned on the first day (8th) and then all three are stoned on the 9th and 10th (10th being the main day of ʿEid).

Pilgrim performing ramy al-jamarāt (stoning the Devil) in Mina. This symbolic act emulates Prophet Abraham’s rejection of Satan, as reported: “Abraham is said to have thrown stones at the devil to cast him away”.

Standing at ʿArafah (Wuquf)

The 9th day of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah, known as the Day of ʿArafah, is the climax of Hajj. Pilgrims gather on Mount Arafat (near Mecca) and its plains for an all-day vigil of prayer and supplication (Wuquf). This standing reminds pilgrims of the Day of Judgment and is obligatory: the Prophet ﷺ said “Hajj is ʿArafah. Hajj is ʿArafah…” – meaning one’s Hajj is not complete unless one is present at ʿArafah.

At Arafat, pilgrims spend the day repenting, reading Qur’an, and beseeching Allah for mercy. There is no single prescribed duʾāʾ; pilgrims offer personal prayers. A highly recommended duʾāʾ of the Prophet is: “Labbayka Allāhumma Ḥajjan, labbayk…” (“Here I am, O Allah, for Hajj, here I am…”), or the Duʾāʾ of Prophet Nūḥ: Rabbana āmanna bima anzalta wa-ittaba‘na ar-Rasūla fa-khutbīnā a‘dāban-nār (plenty of duʾāʾs are narrated, see sources). The day ends at sunset as pilgrims, having supplicated to their hearts’ content, move on to Muzdalifah.

Pilgrims standing on Mount ʿArafat during the Day of Arafah (Wuquf). The Prophet ﷺ emphasized this rite’s importance: “The Hajj is ʿArafah”, making it the spiritual pinnacle of the pilgrimage.

Night at Muzdalifah and Takbīr

After sunset on ʿArafah, pilgrims proceed to Muzdalifah for the night. In Muzdalifah they perform Maghrib and ʿIsha prayers (often combined) and rest under the open sky. They also collect the pebbles needed for the stoning ritual. From after Maghrib on 9 Dhū’l-Ḥijjah until Fajr on 10 Dhū’l-Ḥijjah, pilgrims recite Takbīrāt (“Allāhu Akbar”) as a remembrance. In many traditions, they loudly praise Allah with sentences like “Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar, lā ilāha illallāh…” continuously at fixed intervals. This night ritual (and a partial fast) connects ʿArafah’s devotion with the vigil of ʿEid al-Aḍḥā.

Stoning the Devil and Sacrifice (10 Dhū’l-Ḥijjah, Eid day)

On the 10th of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah (the day of ʿEid al-Aḍḥā), pilgrims again perform Ramī al-Jamarāt: they throw seven pebbles at each of the three jamarāt (from smallest to largest wall) after morning prayer. This marks the final rejection of Satan. Immediately after the first stoning (of Jamarah al-ʿUlyā), male pilgrims must sacrifice an animal (goat, sheep, cow or camel) on behalf of themselves, following Ibrahim’s legacy. This qurbānī (sacrifice) recalls that Allah provided a ram in place of Isma’il. The meat is distributed to the poor. Before slaughter, pilgrims traditionally recite a duʾāʾ to show the offering is for Allah alone. A classic sacrifice duʾāʾ is:

Arabic: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي هَذَا دَمٌ قَائِمٌ لَكَ مُبَارَكٌ لَكَ، تَفَرَّدْتَ بِهِ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ، وَأَنْتَ كَفَّرْتَهُ عَنْ جَائِعٍ مِنْ عِبَادِكَ

Transliteration: Allahumma innī hadhā damun qā’imun laka mubārakun laka, tafarradta bihi lā sharīka laka, wa-anta kaffartahu ‘an jā’i min ‘ibādika.
English: “O Allah, this (sacrifice) is a blood offering standing for You, blessed for You. You, alone, have no partner, and You have saved it from the hungry among Your servants.” (This reflects that by this act Allah feeds the needy without bringing them to poverty.)

After slaughter, men usually shave (halq) or trim (taqsīr) their heads; women typically cut a small portion of hair. This act symbolizes renewal and humility (for men, shaving is a Sunnah of completion; women’s small cut fulfills the rite).

Finally, pilgrims return to Mecca and perform the Tawaf al-Ifādah (another seven-circuit circumambulation of the Kaaba) and Saʾī if it was delayed by menstruation. These complete the Hajj obligations. The state of Ihram then ends. Later (before leaving Mecca), many perform the Tawaf al-Wadāʾ (farewell Tawaf) around the Kaaba to bid the holy sanctuary goodbye, seeking blessings for their journey home.

Modern Hajj 2025: Technology and Organization

Hajj 2025 incorporates many modern innovations to manage the millions of pilgrims efficiently and safely. Saudi authorities require all eligible pilgrims to book authorized packages via the new Nusuk Hajj platform. The Nusuk mobile app/portal (launched recently) is the official one-stop shop for registrations, visa permits, itineraries, and digital services. It offers 100+ services in 20 languages – for instance, in 2024 it issued 13 million permits for visits to the Prophet’s Mosque rawḍah. A linked Nusuk Wallet (digital wallet) was introduced in collaboration with Saudi banks, allowing pilgrims to securely manage funds via encrypted and biometric technology.

Crowd management has also been modernized. In recent years the Grand Mosque and Hajj sites added AI-powered monitoring, 5G connectivity and extensive CCTV to analyze flows and direct crowds. As reported in 2025, AI integration in Masjid al-Haram has “enhanced crowd management and rapid emergency response”. Smart ID wristbands (introduced in 2016) contain personal and contact information (and sometimes GPS) so lost pilgrims can be identified; this year many pilgrims are issued smart cards linking their identity and medical data. Thousands of trained volunteers (6,500+ in 2024) use earpieces and mobile apps to guide pilgrims, give first-aid, and prevent stampedes. Overall, Saudi investments in infrastructure (expanded mosques, pillars covering, escalators) and tech ensure that while Hajj remains spiritually timeless, its logistics meet 21st-century needs.

Hajj Programs by Country

Each country organizes Hajj through official agencies under Saudi quotas. Below are examples for major pilgrim communities in 2025:

• United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland): The UK quota is ~3,500 pilgrims. UK nationals and citizens of 125+ other countries must book through the Nusuk portal; no other visa (tourist, visit) is valid for Hajj. The UK’s quota was filled within hours of the February 2025 registration opening. The Council of British Hajjis (CBHUK) provides guidance and issues packages under the Direct Hajj initiative. (Note: The UK Hajj mission arranges flights, ferries and all services to Saudi schedules.)
• United States: US citizens must likewise use Nusuk for all Hajj bookings, visas and payments – the US State Department warns that third-party visas outside Nusuk can lead to deportation or fines. The U.S. quota is relatively small (a few thousand) and pilgrims generally book through private Hajj groups accredited by the Saudi government. The State Dept. advises Americans to check Nusuk for required vaccines and insurance, and cautions against fraud or illegal permits.
• Pakistan: Pakistan’s 2025 Hajj quota is 179,210 pilgrims. About half the quota is allocated to government-subsidized schemes and half to private tour operators. (In 2025, complications with software delays left some 67,000 booked pilgrims in limbo until Saudi intervention.) The Pakistani Hajj mission issues permits and packages through the Ministry of Religious Affairs; women must register with consent (the government requires a husband’s/parent’s affidavit even though Saudi law no longer mandates a mahram if safe conditions are met). Pilgrims are advised to use authorized channels and carry the mandatory meningitis and polio vaccination certificates.
• India: India’s 2025 quota is 175,025. The Ministry of Minority Affairs and the Hajj Committee of India arrange travel for the majority (122,518 pilgrims managed by the Hajj Committee); the rest go through private Hajj tour operators. The Indian government recently negotiated 10,000 extra slots in 2025 to accommodate demand. Pilgrims must register with the Hajj Committee or approved agencies, carry an Indian passport valid for six months, and obtain a Hajj visa via Nusuk as per Saudi rules. (As with other countries, women may travel without a physical mahram if in women-only groups, but must submit required affidavits.)
• Indonesia: Indonesia traditionally has the largest Hajj quota (about 10% of all pilgrims). For 2025, Indonesia’s initial quota is 221,000 pilgrims. This year, the government also negotiated an additional 2,210 Hajj officer (supervisor) slots to increase assistance for pilgrims. The Indonesian government operates a “regular” Hajj scheme (group flights from major airports) and a “special” (non-subsidized) category. All Indonesian pilgrims must register through the Department of Religious Affairs and pay in Indonesian rupiah; like others they will use Nusuk for visas and permits. (Young children under 12 are not allowed by Saudi rule, and disabled or high-risk pilgrims are recommended to use the organized groups with medical support.)

In all countries, pilgrims are urged to use only official Hajj agencies, avoid illegal tours, and keep copies of their travel documents. The Saudi embassy of each country usually publishes detailed Hajj guides each year.

Packing List and Travel Preparation

Pilgrims should pack carefully for Mecca’s hot, arid climate (Hajj 2025 falls in summer months). Key items include:

• Ihram clothes: Men need two white sheets (jalbiyah and izar) to change between, plus a waist-belt. Women need two modest white dresses/scarves (to stay clean if one set is soiled). Bring extra underwear. Avoid bright colors or decorations for Ihram (men must not cover their heads, women cover their heads only).
• Clothing: Lightweight, breathable cotton clothing in white or light colors. Men should pack capris and short-sleeve shirts for non-Ihram periods. Women should bring at least two extra hijabs in lightweight fabric, and socks (for hotel and travel).
• Footwear: Comfortable walking sandals or flip-flops that can be worn in the Mosque (flip-flops for the bathroom). A pair of closed walking shoes is helpful for long distances. Packing a small towel or cloth for upper Ihram covering is wise.
• Sun/Heat items: A broad-brimmed hat or cap, sunglasses, and high-SPF sunscreen are essential. Pack a small battery-powered fan or misting bottle (for cooling), as Mecca and Mina can exceed 40 °C (104 °F).
• Prayer and Spiritual kit: A small prayer mat, pocket Qur’an (or Qur’an app on phone), dhikr (tasbih) beads, and a notebook with pen for journaling your experiences and duʾās. Include a duʾā book or app with Hajj supplications.
• Toiletries: Unscented personal hygiene items (soap, shampoo, laundry soap, deodorant) because scented products cannot be used in Ihram. Bring tissues or travel toilet paper (sometimes not available in public latrines). A portable lotāʾ (water pot) for ablution and a travel towel are helpful.
• Medications: A travel first-aid kit with basic medicines (pain relievers, anti-diarrhea, band-aids, insect repellent, aloe vera for sunburn). Pilgrims with prescriptions should carry enough medication, a doctor’s note, and pack them in carry-on. Also carry vitamins or oral rehydration salts for dehydration.
• Electronics: Phone with international SIM or Saudi eSIM (or roaming plan), portable charger/battery pack, universal adapter, headphones. Also useful: a flashlight or headlamp (for early morning prayers), and a small umbrella (for shade or unexpected rain).
• Documents & Money: Passport (with Hajj visa attached), travel itinerary, hotel vouchers, vaccination certificates (especially meningitis and polio), health insurance documents, and a “Hajj identification card” (issued by your Hajj agency) in your pocket at all times. Bring some cash in US dollars or local currency (Saudi riyals) for meals and incidentals. A security pouch or neck wallet is advisable.
• Miscellaneous: Sunglasses, sunscreen, tissues, hand sanitizer, and some snacks/dates. A foldable bag for carrying items inside the Haram. If bringing children, include baby supplies (milk powder, diapers).

Check the weather forecast for June/July 2025 in Mecca and Medina. Pack for extremes: nights can be cool (bring a light jacket) though days are very hot. Roll clothes to save space and avoid wrinkles. Finally, pack psychologically: resolve to be patient in crowds, flexible with schedules, and ready to help others.

Key Supplications (Duʾās) and Remembrances (Dhikr)

Throughout Hajj, pilgrims recite many prophetic duʾās and adhkār. Below are major ones with their contexts, given in Arabic (with transliteration and English meaning):

• Upon Entering Ihram (Intention):
  Arabic: اللّٰهُمَّ إنِّي أُرِيدُ الْحَجَّ فَيَسِّرْهُ لِي وَتَقَبَّلْهُ مِنِّي
  Translit.: Allahumma inni urīdu al-ḥajja fa-yassirhu lī wa-taqabbalhu minnī
  English: “O Allah, I intend to perform Hajj; make it easy for me and accept it from me.”
  (Recite at the Meeqāt when starting Ihram).
• Talbiyah (upon entering Ihram and throughout Tawaf/Saʾī):
  Arabic: لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ، لَبَّيْكَ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ. إِنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ، لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ.
  Translit.: Labbayka Allāhumma labbayk. Labbayka lā sharīka laka labbayk. Inna al-ḥamda wa-n-ni‘mata laka wa-al-mulka, lā sharīka lak.
  English: “Here I am at Your service, O Allah; here I am. You have no partner. All praise, blessings and sovereignty are Yours; You have no partner.”
  (Start reciting this repeatedly after entering Ihram, until beginning Tawaf.)
• Supplication after Circuits of Tawaf:
  Arabic: رَبِّ زِدْنِي عِلْمًا، وَارْزُقْنِي فَهْمًا، وَفُسْحَةً فِي قَلْبِي، وَتُبْ عَلَيَّ، إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ.
  Translit.: Rabbi zidnī ‘ilman, wa-rzuqnī fahman, wa-fusḥatan fī qalbī, wa-tub ‘alayya, innaka anta at-Tawwāb ar-Raḥīm.
  English: “My Lord, increase me in knowledge, grant me understanding, expand my heart, and accept (my repentance); truly You are the Oft-Returning (to mercy), Most Merciful.”
  (Sometimes recited toward the end of Tawaf, or anytime.)
• Tasbīḥ During Tawaf:
  Arabic: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَلاَ إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، وَلاَ حَوْلَ وَلاَ قُوَّةَ إِلاَّ بِاللَّهِ الْعَلِيِّ الْعَظِيمِ.
  Translit.: Subḥānallāh wal-ḥamdu lillāh walā ilāha illallāh, wa-Allāhu akbar, wa-lā ḥawla wa-lā quwwata illā bi-llāhil-‘aliyyil-‘aẓīm.
  English: “Glory be to Allah, and all praise is to Allah; there is no god but Allah, and Allah is the Greatest; there is no power and no strength except through Allah, the Most High, the Most Great.”
  (A customary dhikr repeated softly while circling the Kaaba.)
• Pray at Maqām Ibrāhīm (after Tawaf):
  Arabic: رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ.
  Translit.: Rabbana ātinā fid-dunyā ḥasanatan wa fil-ākhirati ḥasanatan waqinā ‘adhāban-nār.
  English: “Our Lord, give us in this world good and in the Hereafter good, and save us from the punishment of the Fire.”
  (Recited while praying the two rak‘ahs behind Maqām Ibrāhīm.)
• During Saʾī (between Safa and Marwah):
  A common supplication is:
  Arabic: رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي وَارْحَمْنِي وَتُبْ عَلَيَّ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ.
  Translit.: Rabbighfir lī, warḥamnī, wa tub ‘alayya, innaka anta at-Tawwāb ar-Raḥīm.
  English: “My Lord, forgive me, have mercy on me, and accept my repentance; truly You are the Oft-Returning, Most Merciful.”
  (Recite during or after the seventh circuit of Saʾī.)
• Supplication on Day of ʿArafah:
  No single du‘ā is obligatory; one prays from the heart. An often-cited hadith du‘āʾ of the Prophet is “Labbayk Allāhumma Ḥajjan” (“Here I am, O Allah, [for Hajj]…”). Many pilgrims pray continuously until Maghrib, often praising Allah (takbīr) and seeking forgiveness. It is recommended to say abundant takbīrāt and tasbīḥāt on ʿArafah. (For example لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، لَهُ الْمُلْكُ وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ، وَهُوَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ
   – “There is no god but Allah, alone without partner. To Him belongs all dominion and praise, and He is over all things Powerful.”)
• Takbīr of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah (9–13 Dhū’l-Ḥijjah):
  It is Sunnah (tradition) to recite the following glorification every day from the 9th through the 13th of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah (starting after Fajr of 9th):
  Arabic: اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ
  Translit.: Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar, lā ilāha illallāhu wa-Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar wa-li-llāhi l-ḥamdu.
  English: “Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest; there is no god but Allah, and Allah is the Greatest. Allah is the Greatest and all praise is for Allah.”
  (Often called Takbīr ʿAṭīyah or Takbīr al-Tashrīq.)
• Suplication for Sacrifice (prior to Qurbānī):
  Arabic: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي هَذَا دَمٌ قَائِمٌ لَكَ مُبَارَكٌ لَكَ، تَفَرَّدْتَ بِهِ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ، وَأَنْتَ كَفَرْتَ بِهِ عَنْ جَائِعٍ مِنْ عِبَادِكَ.
  Translit.: Allahumma innī hadhā damun qā’imun laka mubārakun laka, tafarradta bihi lā sharīka laka, wa-anta kaffartahu ‘an jā’i min ‘ibādika.
  English: “O Allah, this (slaughtered animal’s) blood is a sacrifice for You, blessed for You. You are alone (without partner), and You have taken it away from the hungry among Your servants.”
  (Recite this as one sacrifices the animal, signifying one’s offering is purely for Allah and benefits others.)
• Pilgrims’ Hajj Declaration (post-tawaf, optional):
  Some recite:
  Arabic: لَبَّيْكَ اللّٰهُمَّ حَجّاً لَكَ، لَبَّيْكَ؛ لَبَّيْكَ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ
  Translit.: Labbayka Allāhumma ḥajjan laka, labbayk; labbayk lā sharīka laka labbayk.
  English: “Here I am at Your service, O Allah, for Hajj – here I am. You have no partner; here I am.”
  (This is a general declaration of performing Hajj for Allah, said after completing rituals.)
• General Remembrance: Throughout Hajj one should recite Allah’s names and glorifications (tasbīḥ) as much as possible. Simple dhikr like “Subḥānallāh” (Glory be to Allah), “Al-ḥamdu lillāh” (All praise be to Allah), and “Lā ilāha illallāh” can be repeated anytime. The Prophet ﷺ praised repeated “Allāhu akbar” especially at the stoning and during moving between sites.
• Travel Duʾāʾ: When traveling to Hajj, many say the Safar duʾāʾ:
  Arabic: بِسْمِ اللهِ، تَوَكَّلْتُ عَلَى اللهِ، وَلَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللهِ، وَاللهُ رَبِّي لَا أُشْرِكُ بِهِ شَيْئًا.
  Translit.: Bismillāh, tawakkaltu ‘alallāh, wa lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā bi-llāh, wa-Allāhu rabbi lā ush’riku bihi shayʾan.
  English: “In the name of Allah, I place my trust in Allah, and there is no power nor strength except through Allah. Allah is my Lord and I associate no partner with Him.”
  (Recite when embarking on the journey.)
• Vision of the Kaaba: On first sighting the Kaaba, it is recommended (though not mandatory) to pray:
  Arabic: اللَّهُمَّ زِدْ هَذَا الْبَيْتَ تَشْرِيفًا وَتَعْظِيمًا وَتَكْرِيمًا وَمَهَابَةً، وَزِدْ مَنْ شَرَّفَهُ وَكَرَّمَهُ مِنْ مَنْ حَجَّهُ أَوِ اعْتَمَرَهُ تَشْرِيفًا وَتَكْرِيمًا وَتَعْظِيمًا وَبِرًّا
  Translit.: Allāhumma zid hādhā al-bayta tashrīfan wa-taʿẓīman wa-takrīman wa-mahābatan; wa zid man sharrafa-hu wa-karamaha mimman ḥajjahu awi-‘tamarahu tashrīfan wa-takrīman wa-taʿẓīman wa-birrā.
  English: “O Allah, increase this House (Kaaba) in honor, nobility, reverence and respect. And increase those who honor and respect it (pilgrims) among those who have performed Hajj or ‘Umrah, in honor, respect, esteem, and piety.”.

These duʾās and adhkār, repeated at the appropriate times, help pilgrims stay spiritually connected throughout the journey.

Special Guidance: Women, Elderly, and Pilgrims with Disabilities

Women’s Considerations

Women often have specific concerns. Modestly cover the entire body (hair must be covered; face must remain uncovered in Ihram). Pack extra hijabs to stay clean. Arrange travel with a trustworthy group of women if possible. Note that Saudi law (since 2021) has lifted the strict mahram (male guardian) requirement for women going to Hajj, but many countries (Pakistan, India) may still insist on a consent affidavit and women-only group as a safeguard. If a woman’s period (menstruation) coincides with Hajj days, she may still perform Hajj, but she should delay the Tawaf and Saʾī until purified. Her Hajj is valid as long as she completes the missed rites afterward. Pack feminine hygiene products (sanitary pads, a small mirror if needed, hand sanitizer) and plan to wash and pray as usual (except for circumambulation). Pregnant women should consult a doctor; breastfeeding mothers should prepare formula or supply.

Elderly and Disabled Pilgrims

Saudi authorities prioritize accessibility for the elderly and disabled. They provide special buses with ramps and reserved seating, priority boarding and entry to holy sites, and clearly marked ramps at Jamarat for wheelchair access. Over 6,500 trained volunteers help manage crowds and assist those with mobility issues, often offering wheelchairs and guiding pilgrims through traffic. Sign-language interpreters and Braille Qur’ans are available for the hearing and visually impaired. For elderly or infirm pilgrims, it is highly recommended to travel with a group that arranges transport close to the holy sites (many agencies have special-niche packages for seniors). Secure mobility aids (portable stool, walking cane or wheelchair) if needed. In case of a medical condition (heart, diabetes, etc.), bring a doctor’s note and keep medications at hand.

The Saudi Ministry’s goal is an inclusive Hajj: one report notes dedicated health teams accompany disabled pilgrims on every leg of the journey. However, pilgrims with severe disabilities or chronic illnesses should consider performing Umrah or a future Hajj (when healthier) rather than risk complications. Always carry emergency contacts (your agency, embassy) and know where the nearest medical posts are located.

Staying Spiritually Connected After Hajj

Hajj is a life-changing experience, and maintaining that spiritual momentum is important. Many pilgrims keep a Hajj journal to record prayers, feelings, and insights during the pilgrimage; this journal can be a source of reflection later. Continue the extra acts of worship (such as daily Qur’an reading, night prayers, dhikr, charity) that you felt particularly drawn to on Hajj. Attend community study circles about Hajj and ʿEid al-Aḍḥā lessons, and share your experiences with family to reinforce what you learned. Some keep the habit of reciting the Takbīr of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah for the rest of that month or the common post-Hajj supplication “Allāhumma taqabbal minnā” (“O Allah, accept from us”) after each prayer for a while. Importantly, carry forward the patience, unity and humility you gained – Hajj teaches compassion for others and gratitude to God.

Health, Safety, and Emergencies

Pilgrims should be in good health to undertake Hajj. Essential vaccines typically include quadrivalent meningitis, polio (oral polio booster), and in recent years also flu and COVID-19 boosters. (Saudi Arabia often updates requirements; check the latest health regulations on the Nusuk platform or your country’s Hajj mission.) Carry vaccination certificates and any required medications. Travel insurance is mandatory for Hajj pilgrims; keep your policy card with you.

During Hajj, dehydration, heat exhaustion and fatigue are common. Drink plenty of bottled water throughout the day, rest when needed (there are shaded rest areas and resting facilities in Mina and Arafat), and avoid skipping meals. Protect yourself from the sun (shade, hat, sunscreen). Follow food safety: eat at clean, regulated outlets or from your own supplies.

Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in on-site medical care. There are field hospitals in Mina, Arafat, and several major hospitals in Mecca with trauma and cardiac care. For example, in past pilgrimages 177 ambulances (many “mini-ambulances” able to weave through crowds) were deployed across Makkah, Arafat, Mina and Madinah. Helipads exist at five hospitals (in Mina, Arafat, etc.) for emergency airlifts. Red Crescent paramedics patrol with motorized carts. If a pilgrim falls ill or is injured, first aid tents are at each location or one can call the local emergency number (usually “997” or the Red Crescent “112”). Inform a fellow pilgrim or group leader immediately if you have any serious symptom (chest pain, breathing trouble, severe dehydration).

Psychologically, large crowds and long days can be stressful. Avoid claustrophobic zones when possible, and use designated family areas if traveling with children. Each pilgrim wears an ID (on a card or wristband), and many carry a written list of personal info/emergency contacts as a precaution. In case of an emergency back home (illness or death of a family member), Saudi authorities permit early departures with ministry permission.

Finally, beware of scams: the U.S. State Department cautions that some fraudsters offer fake Hajj visas or “packages” outside official channels. Always use your country’s approved Hajj mission or licensed agent, and do not pay anyone for a visa independently.

Visual Guides and Interactive Tools

• Maps & Infographics: Interactive maps of Masjid al-Haram (showing Tawaf routes, Safa-Marwah tunnel, Hajar al-Aswad, etc.) and of the Mina/Arafat area can help pilgrims plan their walks. (Google Maps or apps like “Hajj Guide” often have up-to-date floorplans.)
• Hajj Apps: In addition to the Nusuk app, apps like Muslim Directory app, Makkah Seekers, Hajj Navigator, or local country-specific ones can provide checklists, prayer timings, Qibla compasses, and duʾāʾ libraries. Some apps include an “arrival” reminder at Meeqaat and step-by-step to-do lists.
• Live Streams & Cameras: For those following Hajj, the Saudi Ministry of Hajj provides 24/7 live streams from the Grand Mosque and other sites – useful for remote learning.
• Virtual Tours: Online virtual reality tours of the Haram and Hajj sites can offer orientation beforehand (YouTube and some mosque websites have panoramic Hajj videos).
• Social Media and News: Follow official channels (like the Saudi Ministry of Hajj’s accounts) for real-time announcements (e.g. weather alerts, lost-and-found info, etc.).

What to Do When You’re Not Going for Hajj: Day of Arafah

While not everyone has the opportunity to perform Hajj, Allah has blessed all Muslims with ways to earn immense reward and forgiveness during these sacred days—especially on the Day of Arafah. Falling on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah, this day is considered the pinnacle of the Hajj journey, when pilgrims gather at the plain of Arafat, standing in prayer and devotion. But its blessings extend far beyond the boundaries of Makkah.

For those at home, the Day of Arafah is a powerful reminder of Allah’s mercy and the opportunity to be spiritually uplifted—even from afar.

The Significance of the Day of Arafah

The Day of Arafah holds great significance in Islamic tradition:

• Completion of Islam: It was on this day that Allah revealed the verse:
  “This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as your religion.” (Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:3)
  

• A Day of Forgiveness: The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said,
  “There is no day on which Allah frees more people from the Fire than the Day of Arafah.” (Muslim)
  

• Expiation of Sins: Fasting on this day is a source of immense reward. The Prophet ﷺ said
  “Fasting on the Day of Arafah expiates the sins of the previous year and the coming year.” (Muslim)
  

This makes it one of the best days of the year to draw closer to Allah, seek forgiveness, and gain spiritual strength—even for those not performing Hajj.

What You Can Do on the Day of Arafah (If You’re Not at Hajj)

1. Fast the Day of Arafah
   Fasting on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah is one of the most emphasized sunnah acts for those not at Hajj. It is an opportunity to have two years of sins forgiven—the previous year and the year to come. If you are physically able, fasting on this day is a powerful act of worship.
2. Engage in Dhikr (Remembrance of Allah)
   Increase in saying:

• SubhanAllah (Glory be to Allah)
• Alhamdulillah (All praise is due to Allah)
• La ilaha illallah (There is no god but Allah)
• Allahu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest)

These phrases are simple on the tongue but heavy on the scale of deeds. The Prophet ﷺ encouraged frequent dhikr during the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah, especially on Arafah.

3. Make Sincere Du’a Throughout the Day
   The Day of Arafah is known as the best day for making du’a. The Prophet ﷺ said:

“The best du’a is the du’a of Arafah…” (Tirmidhi)

Spend time reflecting, repenting, and asking Allah for your needs—both worldly and spiritual. Make du’a for yourself, your family, the Muslim Ummah, and those performing Hajj. Use this moment for heartfelt connection with your Creator.

4. Increase in Charity and Good Deeds
   Charity is highly rewarded, and on this day, even small acts of kindness are multiplied in reward. Support a cause close to your heart—whether it’s feeding the hungry, supporting an orphan, or helping a local masjid. Every deed counts.
5. Read and Reflect on the Qur’an
   Take some quiet time to read the Qur’an, especially the chapters that focus on the mercy of Allah, His promises, and the concept of accountability. Reflecting on these verses during Arafah can elevate your spiritual awareness and humility.
6. Seek Forgiveness and Renew Your Intentions
   The Day of Arafah is a moment of spiritual cleansing. Repent sincerely for past mistakes and resolve to grow closer to Allah. Renew your intentions in all aspects of life—prayer, work, relationships, and future goals.
7. Be in a State of Gratitude
   Gratitude is a form of worship. Thank Allah for the countless blessings you have, including the opportunity to experience this sacred day. Reflect on the journey of Hajj and allow it to inspire your own personal journey toward self-improvement and submission.

By honoring the Day of Arafah, even from your home, you are participating in the spiritual energy of Hajj. These acts may seem small compared to the grand rituals of Makkah, but in the eyes of Allah, sincere devotion from any corner of the world is equally honored.

Embarking on Hajj is a profound journey. By understanding its history, meticulously observing each ritual, and utilizing the latest guidance (apps, country programs, etc.), pilgrims can fulfill this Pillar of Islam fully. May Allah accept your pilgrimage (Jazakumullāhu Khayran for reading) and grant a safe, spiritually rewarding Hajj in 2025.